A 19th century image of a 'Sabbatic Goat', created by Eliphas Lévi, widely
associated with the name of Baphomet and as a figure of Satanism
Introduction
There's much disagreement and confusion in each of the domains of metal and Satanism respectively, and all the more
when the two domains meet. The purpose of this article is to briefly shed light on this cumbersome relationship, from the perspective of someone spiritually aware and familiar with Satanism, who listens to metal more than any other musical genre, but who isn't currently a Satanist or for that matter aligned with any specific religion, spiritual way or occult practice definable under a single label. Ignorance about Satanism is widespread, from the average follower of Judeo-Christian religion to indeed the average metal listener. When a metal band expresses itself as being Satanic it tends to automatically be viewed from a certain angle, yet a great diversity of Satanic paradigms—sometimes conflicting ones—exists in the marketplace of ideas, and the only way to know what type of Satanism a band relates to is to inspect its music, identity and beliefs more closely. There clearly exists
lots of Satanic metal bands, and in my experience I've noticed metal seems more popular among Satanists (and occultists in general) than among the rest of the population; overgeneralizing this relationship can only encourage misunderstanding.
Different varieties of Satanism
First it's important to be able to distinguish between the different varieties of Satanism. For starters there's atheistic Satanism, also sometimes known as philosophical Satanism or symbolic Satanism, which is a variety of Satanism maintaining not the existence of Satan as an actually existing being but rather as a symbol representative of a philosophy, ideology or way of life. The
Official Church of Satan for example, founded by
Anton LaVey (author of
The Satanic Bible), gladly accepts atheists into its membership. Often good bedfellows with the nihilist, atheistic Satanists generally take aim at any kind of theism, and I've observed several awkward confrontations arise between atheistic Satanists and theistic Satanists in this vein.
Another variety of Satanism then is
theistic Satanism, also sometimes known as traditional Satanism or spiritual Satanism, which does maintain the existence of Satan as an actually existing being. Whereas some forms of theistic Satanism operate more in accordance to a concept of Satan as represented in Judeo-Christian doctrine, most forms of theistic Satanism strongly reject Judeo-Christian doctrine and tend to be hostile towards the notion of considering Satanism in terms of the God/Satan, good/evil continuum Judeo-Christian doctrine promotes. While condemned by the majority of Satanists, human or animal sacrifice is condoned by a minority of Satanists, usually theistic Satanists since the sacrificing of a human or animal is a very extreme act which to be committed would require sufficiently extreme conviction and motivation such as may more readily be found in spirituality or occultism than in atheism.
The Order of Nine Angels (or ONA) for example condones human sacrifice and is perhaps the most well-known theistic Satanist group to do so—though it's still fairly private and underground in general—and it maintains an elaborate
traditional Satanist paradigm
as defined on their website.
Cover image of 1984 self-titled Bathory black/thrash metal album depicting
a horned goat head roughly in the shape of an inverted pentagram (retouched from a
portion of a drawing made by Joseph A. Smith in 1981)
Atheistic and theistic Satanism are the two main categories of Satanism, but numerous varieties of Satanism also exist beyond these two categories. Some Satanic paradigms maintain that although Satan is a real phenomenon It is not a deity, It is not a sentient consciousness at all, but rather It is an archetype or force. For example, the Satanic Reds organization
maintains an almost Taoist interpretation:
Satan is the "dark force" that permeates all of nature and motivates all things to act according to their inner nature. The Boundless Darkness Itself is Sat. The action of emanating out of, unfolding out of, springing forth, is Tan. The motivator and the act of motivating all things are together: Satan. Satan is that which is the origin of all and the unmoved mover, and it is described by both the unfolding and the thing unfolded: Satan.
Furthermore, the boundaries between Satanism and surrounding spiritual and occult paradigms isn't always firm. Many
Luciferians for example consider Lucifer to be an auxiliary or a ('light bearer') aspect of Satan. As well,
Setianism is a prominent Satanic offshoot, and is actually opposed to the Temple of Satan
as explained on their website:
LaVey's 1975 corruption of the Church of Satan was emphatically rejected by the majority of the Priesthood, who immediately resigned from the Church in protest and denied its legitimacy as an authentic Satanic religion henceforth. The senior Initiate invoked the Prince of Darkness in quest of a new Mandate to preserve and enhance the more noble concepts which the Church had conceived and outlined. That Mandate was given in the form of The Book of Coming Forth by Night - a statement by that entity, in his most ancient semblance as Set, ordaining creation of the Temple of Set to succeed the Church.
Photo of Roger Rasmussen aka Nattefrost, self-described atheist and
well-known Norwegian black metal musician, taken by Peter Beste for his photograph
book True Norwegian Black Metal published in 2008 by Vice Books.
And finally, yes, there's also the mandatory mudslinging, as some 'real' Satanists taunt members of the Joy of Satan organization for being fluffy just like some 'kvlt'
black metal listeners taunt Dimmu Borgir fans for being unsophisticated sell-outs. Yet another (pseudo-)variety of Satanism, then, consists of
a lower class of Satanist generally comprised of hipsters, armchair 'wannabes' and angstful teenagers who risk giving the whole thing a bad name;
a lower class of metalhead similarly exists, too. Of course, although even prejudiced notions usually contain grains of truth, neither is the lower-class Satanist always a Joy of Satan member or always accusing others of being so, nor is the lower-class metal listener always a Dimmu Borgir fan or always accusing others of being so.
Confusion and conflict surrounding Satanic metal
The relationship between metal and Satanism is complex and prone to confusion. For example, many metal musicians who employ Satanic concepts and images do so just for the sake of being trendy or 'cool', to increase their record sales, or sometimes as 'weaponized art' in light of the potency of Satanic concepts and images in face of mainstream political correctness. Often maintaining the appearance of their Satanic stance without any underlying Satanic belief system or with only a very superficial one, these metal musicians are liable to misappropriate Satanic concepts and images and thereby promote these Satanic concepts and images outside of proper Satanic context. Alternatively, metal musicians who actually are real Satanists, if fairly uneducated about their occult craft—which isn't all that uncommon (regardless of whether or not they're a metal musician)—are liable to unintentionally mistake illegitimate Satanic concepts and images as legitimate ones and thus promote their use outside of proper context as well; occult politics further complicate things as for instance while a minority of occultists believe certain elements from the writings of H.P. Lovecraft exist in actuality, the majority of occultists regard the writings merely as works of fiction. For the average onlooker it's very difficult to make sense out of Satanic metal because Satanic concepts and images are routinely used in potentially misleading ways.
Confusion can obviously also arise if the different varieties of Satanism are misunderstood, as for example the difference between atheistic Satanism and theistic Satanism surely constitutes an axiomatically pivotal divergence of belief. Similarly, it's important to recognize hardly all Satanic paradigms are of evil intention but rather some are of good intention, some of neutral intention and some of evil intention, and some don't insist on any specific moral orientation. The moral orientation of individual Satanic paradigms doesn't follow the lines delineating where one category such as atheistic or theistic Satanism ends and another begins, for example although some theistic Satanist paradigms are of evil intention, the theistic Satanist organization Joy of Satan
states: "Satanism is not about 'evil'. Satanism is not a 'reaction' to Christianity. Satanism is not about death. True Satanism is about elevating and empowering humanity, which was our True Creator (Satan's) intention." Often Satanists and Satanic metal musicians/fans view Satan in a more positive light than Jehovah and point out
how much evil is promoted in The Bible, nevertheless mainstream understanding habitually refuses to accept Satanism and by extension Satanic metal as being anything other than evil. It should be noted that lots of metal, not just Satanic metal, is highly critical of Christianity and
frequently conflicts with it (the fact that
Christian metal also exists in such a climate is often
made light of).
Photo taken in 2009 of Ihsahn, self-described Satanist and well-known
black metal and progressive black metal musician from Norway
Additional confusion revolves around the debatable connection between Satanism and a black metal sub-genre known as
national socialist black metal (NSBM) which promotes national socialist and anti-egalitarian ideology and asserts a certain group of people are superior based on their culture, race and religion (regarded by most people as prejudicial discrimination). Sources such as the USA's Southern Poverty Law Center
report that "a more political offshoot evolved out of the black metal scene—'national socialist black metal' (NSBM)—combining Satanism with pagan and neo-fascist themes." On the other hand, other sources such as Devin Burghart in Chapter 3 of
Soundtracks to the White Revolution: White Supremacist Assaults on Youth Music Subcultures report of Satan's involvement in the NSBM scene that "If one only scratches the surface, however, it becomes clear that Satan has little to do with it." Some sources, such as Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke's book
Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity,
get it totally wrong. There's a diversity of opinions. Some nationalists
suggest that actually Satanism is trying to infiltrate the nationalist scene, partly via black metal. Kari Lydersen
suggests the white power movement is taking advantage of NSBM in that youths who listen to the music are impressionable and that "NSBM has more success than skinhead white power music in infiltrating the mainstream, since it is stylistically almost indistinguishable from other types of black metal."
Regardless of whether or not Satanism is partly responsible for the NSBM paradigm, Satanic metal is routinely criticized in modern society. However it's important to recognize that much misinformation and propaganda has been promoted against Satanism and Satanic metal over the years, particularly during the
Satanic panic of the 1980s in the USA, the more recent
Satanic panic in Italy which was specifically
ignited by metal, and the ongoing
Satanic panic in the Middle East which has lead to major repression against metalheads from censorship to harassment and arrestment. As well, censorship and repression of Satanic metal continues to occur around the world, including in
Poland,
Malaysia,
Russia, etc. It should also be noted that regular metal is sometimes deemed to be Satanic (and thus criticized as such) just by virtue of being metal in the first place, regardless of whether or not a given band's themes even have anything whatsoever to do with Satanism; in some cases this results from interpretation of religious doctrine while other times it results from general ignorance about metal and/or Satanism.
Cover image of Lords of Chaos by Michael Moynihan and Didrik Søderlind,
second edition published in 2003 by Feral House
Major events in the history of Satanic metal
One of the most well-known figures in the Satanic metal scene is Øystein Aarseth aka Euronymous, guitarist and co-founder of Mayhem, a renown
Norwegian metal band and one of the first metal bands to ever exist. In various interviews Euronymous
explains he's a theistic Satanist, regarding Satan from the perspective of Judeo-Christian doctrine and opposing LaVeyan Satanism for not being evil enough. Beyond creating a metal store and record label, Euronymous famously found his bandmate Per Yngve Ohlin aka Dead lying on the floor dead having shot himself in the head, spurring Euronymous to go buy a disposable camera at the store, take photographs of the body—one of which would eventually be used as a
Mayhem album cover—and later in time make a necklace from fragments of Ohlin's skull. Also famously, Euronymous was eventually
murdered, stabbed 23 times by fellow black metal musician Varg Vikernes aka Count Grishnackh who's motives remain disputed.
Looking back, some describe Euronymous as having lacked maturity or as having held extreme religious and political beliefs in order to build his status. Euronymous' religious and political views, his murder and the suicide of his bandmate are discussed by some of his former Mayhem bandmates in the documentary
Once Upon a Time in Norway. Argued by some to have been the founder of modern black metal, it's debatable to what extent Euronymous helped infuse later black metal with Satanism in general or with his personal Satanic paradigm in particular, but it should be noted that the vast majority of Satanists as well as Satanic metal musicians today are hostile towards Judeo-Christian paradigm and refrain from basing their interpretations of Satanism upon it. Regardless, Euronymous' actions have surely done much to attract attention to the genre of metal, the genre of black metal in particular, and the relationship between metal and Satanism, particularly considering how readily the media tends to hype such things as illustrated in the documentary
Satan Rides the Media.
By far the most well-known event in the history of Satanic metal, however, must surely be a string of
church burnings at its height circa 1994 but that still carries on to this day, including over 50 arsons
in Norway as well as others in Australia, Canada, France, etc. However not all cases of church burning related to metal are related to Satanism. For example, Vikernes was found guilty in several church arson cases, but has
explained on numerous occasions ". . . I have newer been a Satanist either. I have on the other hand used the term in the meaning 'opponent to all Jewish religions'."
Here Vikernes states that "He [Euronymous] was obsessed with this 'Satanist' thing, while I wanted to spread Odinism in the scene" ('Odinism' refers to a variety of paganism). Norwegian black metal musician Kristian Espedal aka
Gaahl is well-known for among other things
supporting church burning, however he only calls himself a Satanist to the extent it's the way the world will perceive him regardless,
explaining "to the world I am a satanist, which means resistance to everything that holds you down," but that ". . . the word Satan is from Hebrew religions and has nothing to do with my blood. I deny everything that comes from this Semitic root."
Cover image of Satan Rides the Media, a 1998 Norwegian documentary by
Torstein Grude
Nevertheless, the media regularly attributes all metal-related church burnings to Satanists. For example an article from SPIN Magazine conflates Satanism with paganism saying that "for Norwegian Black Metal bands, it's more than just stage act: They are committed Satanists fighting to get Christianity out of Norway, and bring back Ancient Pagan ways." In the same article even Trond Viggo Torgerson, Norway's commissioner for children's rights, in an attempt to add perspective to the situation generalizes all black metal-related church burning to be the work of Satanists, saying "The Satanists are right to target the hypocrisy of Norway's spiritual life. It's a very discouraging time in our country. Everyday life is dull and consumer orientated. Most people would rather have a McDonald's in their community than a church." (The article exlains Torgerson hopes the church burnings can serve as a wake up call and lead youths to have more spiritual passion.) Certainly Satanic motivations were at the root of a good portion of the church burnings, but the truth is that anti-Christian sentiment—into which the
forced Christianization of Scandinavia surely figures—united a variety of different spiritual and occult paths under a common cause. It should be noted the black metal community is divided as to how wise it is to engage in church burnings and to what extent the church burnings are motivated by heartfelt beliefs versus immaturity and desire for personal status.
Lastly is the case of
Jon Nödtveidt, founder, lead guitarist and vocalist of renown Swedish death metal band Dissection. In 2006 Nödtveidt
committed suicide in accordance with his
Satanic beliefs: "The Satanist decides over his own life and death and prefers to go with a smile on his lips when he has reached his peak in life, when he has accomplished everything, and aim to transcend this earthly existence. But it is completely un-Satanic to end ones own life because one is sad or miserable. The Satanist dies strong, not by age, disease or depression, and he chooses death before dishonor! Death is the orgasm of life! So live life accordingly, as intense as possible!" His fellow band members
confirm this interpretation of his suicide, also sighting Current 218, an occult aspect of importance to certain occult groups such as the Satanic/Luciferian
Temple of the Black Light (TOTBL) which subscribes to a form of anti-cosmic gnosticism. Although Nödtveidt is popularly believed to have co-founded the TOTBL various sources point out this is a false rumor. Upon my contacting the TOTBL to determine the exact extent of the relationship
the TOTBL stated:
The Temple does not have any connection to the music scene and even though some musicians would want to show "support" for our Tradition it does not necessarily mean that such sentiments are mutual.
We do not have any contact with any band nor do we seek followers within the music scene. Our actual supporters and the followers of the Current 218 work in a much more private, sincere and concrete manner than the antics commonly associated with metal music.
As for Jon, we can only state that he was indeed a follower of the 218 Current, but that his suicide was in no way endorsed by the Temple or the Traditional Teachings. He did what he thought was the correct thing for him personally to do, based on his own goals and insights. We respect his choice, as every strong man and woman are entitled to live and die as they see fit.
Suicide is generally not something that can automatically grant Liberation. We do not only seek to transcend life but also death.
Live photo of Jon Nödtveidt, self-described Satanist and well-known
Swedish death metal musician
Closing remarks
Of course it's useful to consider in these matters the words of Satanists and metal musicians themselves, such as the articles "
Satanism & Heavy Metal: The Confusion Continues" by
Matt G. Paradise, executive director of the Satanic media company Purging Talon and Magister in the Church of Satan, "
The Truth about Satanism and Heavy Metal" by Druwydion Pendragon of the
Brotherhood of Satan, or "
A Burzum Story: Part V - Satanism" by Varg Vikernes. At the end of the day however, metal musicians rarely publish articles or books about their philosophical, spiritual or occult beliefs and Satanism isn't overly concerned with metal, so the amount of texts available concerning the relationship between metal and Satanism is limited. In my experience some Satanic occultists believe metal's music can be directly incorporated as a component into Satanic ritual, while other Satanic occultists believe that during a ritual music not specifically designed for ritual use only detracts from the practitioner's state of awareness. Though metal may be especially suited to move the listener in emotionally-potent and moreover arguably in transcendentally-potent ways, in general it seems that thus far, in my opinion, the specific intentions and career-paths of metal musicians and of Satanists don't necessarily converge in any immediate way beyond complimenting each other coincidentally or indirectly, although the relationship is often advertized and exaggerated for the sake of personal gain or simply as a result of ignorance about it.